ISSN 0798 1015

Vol. 40 (Number 7) Year 2019. Page 28

Analysis of socio-economic development of Krasnoyarsk krai

Análisis del desarrollo socioeconómico del Krai de Krasnoyarsk

KALENDZHYAN, Sergey 1; ERMAKOVA, Svetlana 2; YURIKOVA, Irin 3a; GLAZOV, Kirill 4

Received: 22/08/2018 • Approved: 19/02/2019 • Published 04/03/2019

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Results

4. Conclusions

Bibliographic references

1. Introduction

The purpose of the regional economy functioning is to ensure a high level and quality of life of the population of the certain region. The regional economy should be based on the use of three basic principles: first, careful consideration of the needs of the population of the region, the state and dynamics of emerging markets, the interests of the state and singular enterprises; second, the creation of conditions for maximum adaptation of the economy structure of the region to internal and external factors; third, the active implementation of regional interests.

In general terms, the structure of regional economic security is presented as a set of factors designed to ensure the prerequisites for its survival and preservation of its regional structures in times of crisis and future development; protection of vital interests of the country and its territories in terms of resource potential; creation of internal immunity and external protection from destabilizing impacts; competitiveness of regions in domestic and world markets and stability of the financial situation of the country; conditions and mode of life, worthy of a civilized man and the possibility of sustainable and normal reproduction of social processes (Nikolaeva, 2004).

Socio-economic processes are very diverse. They are different in their content, as well as in terms of timing and rates, in their consequences. At the same time, they are interrelated and interdependent. Therefore, their study provides a certain kind of typology. Based on the classification of social processes, it is possible to classify socio-economic processes on four groups: the form or shape that the process takes; the result of the process; awareness of the population about the process; the driving forces of the process (Roi, 2006).

Currently, the main goal of economic development in most countries and their regions is to improve the quality of life and health of the population. Therefore, the process of socio-economic development includes three main components:

- income increase, health improvement and education level increase of population;

- creation of conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-esteem as a result of the formation of a social, political, economic and institutional system focused on respect for human dignity;

- increasing the degree of freedom of people, including their economic freedom (Nauryzbayev & Auyelov,2012).

Foreign economic activity is an important factor in the development of the country and its regions. It cannot be denied that globalization processes not only change the structure of the world economy, but also have a significant impact on the internal development of regions of Russian Federation. The main driving forces of globalization are liberalization of foreign economic relations, international integration and scientific and technological development. Trade liberalization and integration not only lead to changes in the centers of the world economy, but also cause significant changes in the national economies, which raises the question of the projected change in the level of socio-economic development of the regions (Rastvortseva, 2015).

Socio-economic development of Russian Federation is inextricably linked with the development of regions. Without their participation, no long-term national program can be implemented, no reforms can be carried out. The need to improve the efficiency of regional management is largely due to the increasing differentiation in the level of socio-economic development of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Vasilieva, 2008).

The normal functioning and development of society in economic terms is that the country should produce as many goods and services as consumers need. The imbalance means that the economy does not achieve its goals and that the population ultimately suffers. Therefore, it is quite natural to search for a model of the economic system that, with minimal use of limited material, labor and financial resources, would meet the needs of both each individual and society as a whole. The historical process of development of society has shown that the market economy is the most appropriate to these requirements.

The market economy is inextricably linked with the economic independence of producers, which makes them work effectively, with greater responsibility. It promotes the implementation of achievements of science and technology in the economy, resources saving, increase of qualification of employees, etc. Producers of goods have a direct economic interest in the outcomes of labour (Khaustov, 2008).

The market economy as a system has a long history. It was formed in the XVIII century, but during the subsequent period could not be modified. Experience shows that the market economy is the most flexible economic system, which is being transformed and modified under the influence of internal and external factors.

Market economy as an economic system in its natural historical development goes through the following stages: classical capitalism, mixed economy, social market economy (Yurieva, 2011).

In the context of the formation of a market economy, federal and regional programs of economic and social development have become an important element and form of implementation of regional economic policy, allowing to concentrate efforts for a comprehensive solution of medium- and long-term problems of economic and social policy of the region (Markovskaia, 2008).

The economic potential of the region is a set of available and possible for the mobilization resources of the region, necessary for its development, provided that there is the maximum use of available opportunities for the production of competitive products and the most complete satisfaction of the needs of present and future generations, taking into account the interests of the state and business (Pechatkin, 2007).

The economic potential of the region is the main indicator demonstrating its effective development. Thus, it should be noted that the management of the effectiveness of the region development should be aimed at the rational use of economic potential, i.e. to maximize efficiency with limited resources. In addition, the economic potential of the region is not constant.  This indicator in most cases changes during the discovery of new deposits or new types of mineral resources, but the statistics of the last decade show that the change in the economic potential of the region is largely influenced by innovation, and it is difficult to assess innovation, and this process is not constant, hence, the economic potential is not constant (Rastvortseva, 2008).

Economic growth is a component of economic development, only one of its criteria, upon that the most used for all its shortages. And due to the difficulties of measuring the process of economic development in macroeconomics, it is economic growth that is most often analyzed, which is expressed in an increase in real gross domestic product, and the indicator of gross national product is often used both in absolute volume and per capita.

Economic growth is a quantitative and qualitative improvement of the social product over a certain period of time. Economic growth means that in each given period of time it is somewhat easier to address resource constraints problem and to meet a wider range of human needs (Borisov, 1997).

The process of economic growth includes the interaction of its factors. In macroeconomics, there are three groups of factors of economic growth:

• supply factors (availability of human resources, natural resources, fixed capital, level of technology);
• demand factors (price level, consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, net exports);
• factors of distribution (rationality and completeness of involvement of resources in the production process, the effectiveness of the use of resources involved in the economic turnover) (Vechkanov & Vechkanova, 2008).

Taking a closer look at the different approaches to the term "economic growth" it is necessary to distinguish the following. The approach from the point of view of absolute quantitative economic indicators, expressed, in particular, in the change of:

– GDP indicators (sometimes GNP);

– national income indicators;

– national wealth indicators;

 – indicators of the payments balance of the state, the ratio of its requirements and obligations (the value of "net assets" of the state), the value of gold and foreign exchange reserves.

The approach from the point of view of relative quantitative economic indicators, expressed, in particular, in the change of:

– the value of GDP per capita;

– average per capita disposable income;

– the value of consumption, savings, investment per capita.

The approach from the point of view of quality indicators, expressed, in particular, in the change of:

– the educational level of the population (the proportion of people with higher and secondary education, etc.). The ambiguity of evaluation of this indicator is associated with changes in the level of training, in different quality of education;

– the level of population’s health (mortality, fertility, etc.);

– sectoral structure of the economy, the share of agriculture, raw materials and mining industries, high-tech industries. However, there is a problem how this or that industry is "high-tech" (in the conditions of modern STD some industries appear and disappear in less than a decade);

- the level of infrastructure in society, the degree of social and political stability, the state of the environment, the degree of maturity of market institutions, i.e. all that in the broad interpretation can be considered as "institutional factors". To some extent, a change in these parameters is a change in the parameters of such a category as "social welfare".

Economic growth implies a quantitative increase in the production of economic benefits. Economic development is a broader concept, since it covers not only the expansion but also the narrowing the scale of production, as well as changes in economic relations (including property and management relations). It is a multidimensional process involving profound changes in the technical, economic and social spheres. There is a whole branch of economic science (development economy), dealing primarily with the problems of development of the third world. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish the indicators characterizing the economic growth itself. Thus, there is an actual and potential economic growth. Potential economic growth refers to the increase in GDP per capita that an economy could achieve with the full involvement of available resources in the economic turnover (Lavrov & Kapoguzov, 2006).

Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as the market value of goods and services intended for end-use and produced by a country's economic agents for a given period of time (usually per year).

When calculating GDP, only goods intended for end-use are used, otherwise there is a double counting: the cost of those goods and services that are used to produce other goods and services will be taken into account again each time, and also will be included in the cost of goods and services used for final consumption. Goods and services are called intermediate if they are used to produce other goods and services (Velichko, 2003).

According to Russian researcher Polishchuk L. I., social capital has a significant impact on the quality of public services – education, health care, mental and physical health of the population, public safety, quality of life, and last (but not least), the quality of institutions and governance, but it also can affect economic outcomes. There are two channels of influence of social capital on social processes: horizontal, in this case, it concerns the fact that social capital allows the transaction costs saving in the private sector and in everyday communication of people with each other. In simple terms, it is more convenient to run business, if people trust each other. In addition, social capital is a prerequisite for the self-organization of people in order to solve social problems without the participation of the state. The principle of the vertical channel is that social capital allows for proper accountability of the authorities and thus improve the quality of public administration (Nemirovsky & Nemirovskaia, 2011).

The development of the Krasnoyarsk krai is a multidimensional process, which is usually considered in terms of a set of different social and economic objectives. Socio-economic development includes such aspects as the growth of production and income, changes in the institutional, social and administrative structures of society, changes in public consciousness, as well as in traditions and habits.

Now the Russian territory is clearly divided into its Central part, the middle region, the Northern and Eastern regions. The Central part mainly concentrates on post-Soviet infrastructure, including export. Up to 70% of Russian exports to the EU are sold through this region. Strategic reserves of natural resources are concentrated in the middle region. Recently, there has been a disturbing trend: the Northern and Eastern regions of Siberia and the far East are losing population, which is small itself, and are subject to demographic pressure from southern neighbors, in particular China with a population of billion and a half and a dynamically growing economy.

The subjects of the Federation, that as a whole give about 50% of the GRP of Russia, are:

• Moscow and Moscow region – 25%
• Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous districts-10.1%
• St. Petersburg-3.9%.

These five regions form more than 45% of the country's budget.

For comparison, the share of all regions included in the Siberian Federal district in 2002 was only 11%, and this share is decreasing.

Such a high share of Moscow is largely due not only to the development of trade, financial and mediation services, but also to the fact that the largest oil and gas, metallurgical and other companies with a high share of exports are registered here and conduct their production activities beyond the Ural region. Until now, the struggle of the local authorities of the regions of Siberia for oil and gas and generally resource rent with the Federal Center was in favor of the latter. But this struggle does not stop. One of the latest examples is an attempt to reregister Sibneft in St. Petersburg, motivated by the need to increase the tax base to solve the problems of the metropolis.

The advantage of a large market is equal access of different producers of goods and services to consumers, the development of a competitive environment, the containment of consumer prices. In addition, the infrastructure of the interregional market is a source of jobs.

Furthermore, outside the economic space of any region that is part of the Siberian Federal district, the neighboring regions has almost the same space.

At the same time, the economic space of the Volga region is significantly different than that of Moscow and the Moscow region and St. Petersburg (even regarding climate). In other words, Siberia has a monogenic space, and the European part has a heterogeneous.

World experience shows that large logistics centers and multimodal transport hubs are of particular importance in the formation of interregional markets. Novosibirsk is the most promising in this area (Kuleshov, 2005).

The Russian Federation and all constituent entities of the Russian Federation are implementing long-term and medium-term socio-economic development programs. These development programs are based on the investment strategies of the country and regions and regional investment legislation, since each section of the programs should be provided with financing, i.e. investments in economic, infrastructure, social, environmental and other projects included in the programs. The projects included in the development program, should be required to undergo a standard procedure of investment analysis. The development of an economic entity, a country, region or enterprise, in particular, is a process of accumulation of positive changes that lead to an increase in the efficiency of its activities. In other words, these are changes in its productive resources, structure, properties, indicators and functions that lead to positive changes. Economic change of a subject is a quantitative or qualitative change of its efficiency, functional utility and economic indicators (Korchagin, 2008).

Currently, the main objective of economic development in most countries and their regions is to improve the population’s quality of life. Therefore, the process of socio-economic development includes three main components: income increase, population’s health and level of education improvement, creating conditions for population self-respect growth as a result of the formation of social, political, economic and institutional systems focused on respect for human dignity, as well as the increase of people’s freedom degree, including their economic freedom.

In recent years, the government and the expert community pay great attention to the problem of strategic planning of regional development. The main document defining the approach of the executive power to strategic planning of regional development of Krasnoyarsk krai is the current Strategy of socio-economic development of the Krasnoyarsk krai for the period up to 2020 and the draft of Strategy of socio-economic development of the Krasnoyarsk territory for the period up to 2030 (Strategy project of socio-economic development of Krasnoyarsk krai by 2030, n.d.)

Krasnoyarsk krai is located in the Siberian Federal district, and is one of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the krai is Krasnoyarsk. The area of the Krasnoyarsk krai is 2 340 000 km2. According to Federal State Statistics Service, the population of the krai is 2 876 300 people at the beginning of 2018, in terms of population the krai takes the 13th place among the subjects of the Russian Federation and 1.6% of the total population of the Russian Federation. Population density is 1.21 people / km2, urban population is 76.96% (Territorial office of the Federal state statistics service of the Krasnoyarsk territory, database, n.d.)

It should be noted that in recent years there has been a positive trend to overcome the depopulation of the region (Table 1) – the population of the region for the period from 2010 increased by 48.1 thousand people, which is quite a significant factor in terms of solving the demographic situation in the region (Aganbegian, 2016)

Table 1
Population dynamics for 2000-2018 years

Krasnoyarsk krai is located in Central and Eastern Siberia in the Yenisei river basin and occupies 13.86% of the total territory of Russia. In the North, Krasnoyarsk krai is surrounded by the Arctic ocean (Kara sea) and Laptev sea. Krasnoyarsk krai includes 17 urban and 44 municipal districts. The distance from the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk region to the capital of the Russian Federation Moscow 4 136 km.

Krasnoyarsk krai is the largest constituent entity of the Siberian Federal district not only in terms of occupied area, but also in terms of all the most important macroeconomic indicators – population, gross regional product (GRP), industrial production, construction and investment in fixed capital. The average GRP indicators per capita in the Krasnoyarsk krai consistently exceed the average: in 2000, the level of GRP of the region took the 3rd place among all subjects of the Russian Federation, and was the largest in the Siberian Federal district. In 2005, Krasnoyarsk krai weakened its positions to 8th place. In 2014, he strengthened his position and remained on the 5th place. In 2014, the GRP of the region among the subjects of the Russian Federation took the 9th position. In 2016 it was on 14th place. Since 2000, there is an apparent leadership of the production per capita of gross regional product over other subjects of the Federation located on the territory of the Siberian Federal district (from 40% to 3.7 times).

A number of both positive and negative trends have emerged in the economy of the Krasnoyarsk krai.

The index of production has a positive trend in the minerals extraction (109.3 %); in the production of food products, including beverages and tobacco (104.5 %); in the pulp and paper industry, publishing and printing activities (110.8 %); in the production of coke and petroleum products (100.5 %); in the production of other non-metallic mineral products (115.8 %) – without the production of rubber and plastic products. All other economic activities have negative shifts in this indicator.

The minimum decrease in production was observed in metallurgy (0.2 %), electric power (2.9 %), mechanical engineering (6.4 %), rubber and plastic products (9.9 %); more significant - in the textile and garment industry (27.5 %), in the production of leather and footwear (15.0 %),in the chemical industry (18.3 %), in the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment (16.0 %), in the production of transport (18.9 %).

Without using the natural potential of the region with the maximum economic benefit, through the provision of deep recycling and processing of extracted resources; without using the intellectual potential of the region's population; without developing high-tech production in the Krasnoyarsk krai - it is impossible to ensure the increase in the efficiency of its economic development and, consequently, the growth of the welfare of the region's population (Popova, 2010).

Although, Krasnoyarsk krai is positioned as a raw material region, which is considered as a fast-payback object of investment, while the diversity of the structure of social production of the region makes it possible to develop innovative technologies in many industries.

Due to the continuation of Russia's technological gap in reducing energy consumption and improving the environmental friendliness of production, it is important to reorient the economy of the Krasnoyarsk krai to a closed production cycle with the use of high-tech equipment and intellectual developments. The implementation of the closed production cycle mechanism will result in the development of infrastructure, reduction of unemployment rate and the number of unclaimed specialists, increase of tax deductions and investment appeal of the region. In the Krasnoyarsk krai, there is an active work on the creation of an innovative model of social production, which should become an effective tool to stimulate intensive development (Demchenko& Melnikova, 2012).

Analysis of the socio-economic situation in the Krasnoyarsk krai from the point of view of improving the quality of life of the population allows to identify a number of problems: - the choice of directions of economy development in solving the problems of growth in the quality of life of the population; - the state of monitoring, evaluation and analysis of indicators and indices of quality of life. Krasnoyarsk krai as an economic entity has a number of features that affect its economic and social development. First of all, it is a unique vastness of the territory (its area is 2 339,7 thousand km2), located in the heart of Russia, as well as the distance from the main places of concentration of industrial production and population in the European part of Russia. Developed foreign countries in the West (the EEU countries) and in the East (the Asia-Pacific region countries) are also at a great distance and do not have direct borders with the region.

The main economic relations of the Krasnoyarsk krai are developing through the adjacent regions of Siberia: Irkutsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions. The population of the region, filed by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation for 2005, is 2 941 thousand people Krasnoyarsk region has great natural resource potential. Proven reserves of natural resources not only fully meet its needs, but also provide an opportunity for their export to other regions of Russia and abroad.

Assessing the resource and organizational potential of the Krasnoyarsk krai as a whole, we can note the following. In previous decades, the economy of the region was actively involved in the interregional division of labor and was focused mainly on the extraction of raw materials. At the same time, a powerful potential of the MIC and the research complex were created. However, the economy of the region, which is in extreme conditions (sharp continental climate, transport remoteness and other factors), developed effectively only in conditions of low energy costs and consistently low costs for the transport component (Vlasov, 2014).

This study is based on time series data and statistics for the period 2000-2018. The data was taken from the open sources indicated in References. In the article, such methods of research were applied: the method of component analysis, elements of the method of statistical analysis, a descriptive method.

The natural resource potential that has existed for many years has created prerequisites for the development of industrial and then investment potential. Krasnoyarsk krai takes the first place in terms of shipped industrial products among the regions of the Siberian Federal district due to two-thirds of the territory covered with forests, high water resources availability, more than six thousand deposits of various types of minerals give edge of the first place in terms of shipped industrial products among the regions of the Siberian Federal district. At the same time, the annual growth rate of industrial production is, on average, 2-7%, characterizing a fairly dynamic sustainable development.

According to the strategy of socio-economic development of Siberia until 2020, the competitive advantages of the Krasnoyarsk krai are:

• high level of industrial development;
• intense investment activity;
• diversified system of higher education and research institutions;
• rich natural resource potential;
• beneficial geographical and geopolitical position in the system of international relations;
• developed fuel and energy complex;
• high level of agricultural development;
• developed transport and communication infrastructure of the Central and southern regions of Krasnoyarsk krai;
• developed construction complex.

The leading industries of the Krasnoyarsk krai are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, fuel and energy complex, engineering and metalworking, mining, forestry, woodworking, chemical, agriculture and food industry (Characteristics of region’s economy, n.d.).

The new millennium was marked for Krasnoyarsk krai by sustained economic growth and the beginning of the implementation of large-scale investment projects at the Federal level. A strategic program for the development of the lower Angara region, which is of national importance, has been formed and started to be implemented. The project of development of Vankor oil and gas field was implemented, which allowed the forming a new large segment of the regional economy. The global financial and economic crisis of the Krasnoyarsk krai has passed with relatively few losses compared to other regions of the country. Due to the efforts of the authorities and the business community, a collapse in production and social tension have been managed to avoid.

However, the social indicators of the Krasnoyarsk krai are inferior to the level of its economyic development. Despite the fact that in terms of the value of produced GRP per capita the region significantly exceeds the national average and takes14 place in the country, in the ranking of Russian regions in terms of average wage and incomes per capita it takes 13 or 30 places (Table 2, 3). At the same time, if the average wage of the region is higher than the average Russian level (104.6%), then the average income per capita is significantly lower than the national average (89.1%) (Unified information system of public-private partnership in Russia, n.d.)

According to the level of investment activity Krasnoyarsk region is among the leading regions. In 2014, the volume of investments in fixed capital amounted to 364.0 billion roubles, the region took 9th place among the regions of Russia. In 2017, the volume of investments amounted to 424.7 billion roubles, being increased by 16.7%. or 97.5 % in comparable prices by 2016 (Russia - 104.4 %). The decline in investment in fixed capitals in the region is observed on the background of the completion of the first stage of the pipeline construction in early 2017.

Table 2
Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation 2000-2016  years

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Table 3
Monthly average nominal gross wages of employees in the full range of organizations
in the economy as a whole in the subjects of the Russian Federation for 2000-2017.

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Table 4
Socio-economic development rates of Krasnoyarsk krai

Organization of implementation of the regional budget rests with the Ministry of Finance of the Krasnoyarsk krai, which annually publishes quarterly reports on the regional budget implementation on the official website of the Ministry of Finance of the krai. Currently, we can talk about the crisis of the budget policy of the region with a constant increase in revenue from 2012 to the present time. Moreover, the main problem of the regional budget policy is the deficit of the regional budget, which until now has no tendency to decrease.

However, the purpose of the budget policy of the Krasnoyarsk krai is the revenues increase, the gradual budget deficit reducing by means of increasing the efficiency of spending and its coverage by its own sources, reducing the amount of public debt, as well as increasing the transparency of the budget and the budget process of the Krasnoyarsk krai, necessary to ensure that all citizens of the region, as well as investors can learn about the structure of income and the directions of spending of budgetary funds, and ensuring the balance of budgets in the crisis.

Socio-economic development denotes a complex, progressive transition or transformation of social production through certain mechanisms as a result of the interaction of external and internal factors. Socio-economic development is the unity and struggle of opposite trends, contradictory social practices, it is not a linear process, it is carried out in a spiral, including a downward cycle. Socio-economic development is a process that is happing as a result of qualitative changes, transformations, the qualitatively transition of one state or structure to another. Hegel's socio-economic development is the negation of negation, which means that the beginning is an undeveloped result, and the result is a developed beginning. Socio-economic development takes place in the process of overcoming the alienation of labor, development, change of property relations, management and power relations. Thus, management is a property and a factor of socio-economic development (Kursova, 2012).

Krasnoyarsk krai is one of the most industrialized regions of Russian Federation. Due to the unique natural resources in the region, there are many industrial activities developed - hydropower and electricity on solid fuels, non-ferrous metallurgy, mining operations, forest industry. Krasnoyarsk krai is one of the 15 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which together provide more than 70% of its trade with foreign countries (Characteristics of region’s economy, n.d.).

Krasnoyarsk krai is one of the richest regions of Siberia. The main reserves of platinum and platinoids, copper-nickel ores, huge reserves of gold, the largest deposit of lead-zinc ores, the largest deposit of manganese ores, huge deposits of coal, oil and gas are concentrated in the region. Forests cover 80 percent of the territory of Krasnoyarsk krai, and the total wood reserves are 10 percent of all Russian reserves. Forest resources can meet the needs of wood not only of enterprises in Siberia, but also the southern neighbors. And mighty rivers can become an inexhaustible source of hydropower. The energy produced by the HPP is almost the cheapest in the world. Only in the Lower Angara region the potential of water resources is 100 billion kilowatt-hours (Diachenko & Dzhafarov, n.d.).

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1. Professor, Doctor of Economics, dean Graduate School of Corporate Management, the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation. serg.kalendzhyan@yandex.ua

2. Professor, Doctor of Economics, Graduate School of Corporate Management, the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

3. Chief Deputy on economical questions, N.S. Karpovich Krasnoyarsk City Emergency Medical Care Hospital

4. Graduate student Russia, the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation