ISSN 0798 1015

Vol. 38 (Nº 48) Year 2017. Page 5

Social self-organization as a form of social organization: Typology, approaches to the study and legal basis

La autoorganización como forma de organización social: tipología, enfoques del estudio y fundamento jurídico

Valery Viktorovich BONDALETOV 1; , Lyudmila Viktorovna SENICHEVA 2; , Natalia Vladimirovna MEDVEDEVA 3; , Elena Viktorovna FROLOVA 4; , Elena Valentinovna SUVOROVA 5

Received: 12/06/2017 • Approved: 30/06/2017

Content

1. Introduction

2. Methods

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

References

1. Introduction

In the modern world democracy is an integral part of the political system, it is often perceived as a natural and inevitable phenomenon that manifests itself regardless of the desire of political leaders and the power structures of society. Evidence of this is the transformational processes taking place in most countries of the post-Soviet space, many of which continue to this day. At the same time, modern science is very ambivalent about the future and prospects of democracy, more and more often it is said about the need for new incentives for its further evolution. In our opinion, one of such aspects, possessing high potential for the further development of democracy, is civil society and activation of its activity in the sphere of social management. The active development of forms of social self-organization can give democracy the opportunity to move to a new level of development, in this connection the authors absolutely agree with V. V. Khevsakov that "democracy in the modern world should be viewed not only as the power of the people, but also as the participation of citizens and their associations in the implementation of this power "(Khevsakov VV, 2008).

Investigating the process of self-organization in social systems, modern sociologists point to various reasons for the involvement of citizens in the exercise of power on the ground. For example, one of the authors of the publication, analyzing the "human resources" of public associations for participation in his study, outlines several motives for participation: deprivation (protest) - 10.7%; financial and other benefits, "solving other people's problems" - "solve their own" - 17.9%; corporate solidarity - 25%; "the desire to make a public career" - 46.4% (Bondaletov, V.V., 2006).

That is, in fact, public organizations are seen as expressing collective protest moods and as one of the specific means of satisfying needs through their resources and capabilities. How much such tactics of public associations correlate with existing approaches in the sociology of social movements. Let us consider in more detail.

Depending on the role that self-organization plays for the system, destructive (protest) and constructive (positive) self-organization are singled out in Western sociology.

The protest approach explains the process of self-organization as the result of a protest of a subject (collective or individual), which seeks to change the existing order. In these positions are representatives of the theory of relative deprivation: T. Garr, D. Davis, L. Killian, N. Smelser and others. They emphasize destructive self-organization and associate it with subjective and objective deprivations of the individual. In other words, the feeling of dissatisfaction, the discrepancy between the needs and the possibilities of satisfying them, are the most important sources of protest self-organization, that is, protest orientations are seen as the most important prerequisites for the process of self-organization.

In general, we should agree that self-organization occurs in crisis situations, i.e., there and then, where the system is not entirely effective and is not able to ensure the satisfaction of needs, order or solve problems. However, in our opinion, "this does not explain the emergence of social structures that have a socio-transformational potential. It can be of great interest when considering one of the factors associated with the emergence of social activity, but in general this approach gives an incomplete picture of self-organization " (Bondaletov, V.V., 2006). However, this approach to the study of the process of self-organization, from the point of view of the motives of participation of individuals, gives good results in the study of the social bases of self-organization, motives of participation, the needs of the participants, their attitudes and interpretations.

 A more successful explanation of the reasons for citizens' participation and the emergence of self-organizing structures, from our point of view, is the so-called mobilization approach.

Representatives of this approach: J. McCartney, M. Zalit, K. Wilson, A. Obershol, K. Jenix, etc., focus on the resources and mobilization opportunities of self-organizing structures (groups, organizations, etc.) as decisive factors their occurrence.

This approach is actively postulated in the sociology of social movements, it is more suitable for researching social self-organization, and the public sector as a whole, tactics and strategies for the development of various social forms of self-organization, as well as problems of change and management.

Despite the fact that within the framework of the mobilization approach, the definition of " social self-organization" is not articulated, however, the theoretical foundations of the concept of social self-organization are laid in it. Moving the emphasis from individual dissatisfaction to resources and mobilization opportunities, abandoning the view of self-organization as a social pathology, this concept focuses on new aspects of self-organization is a public utility.

1.1. Analysis of research problems.

In the domestic sociology the development of theoretical and empirical foundations of the sociology of organizations (DM Gvishiani, AI Prigozhin, NI Lapin, VN Ivanov, Zh. Toshchenko, and others) created prerequisites for the study of public associations and movements. In the works of these researchers, the criteria for singling out public associations into a separate group of social organizations and the distinctive features of public associations, such as voluntary participation, common, often socially oriented, goals of the members of the association, the independence of these organizations from state authorities are defined. In the works of these researchers, the main focus was on identifying the distinguishing features of this type of organization.

At various times, modern Russian sociologists, such as A. Etkind, E. Zdravomyslova, A. Temkina (A. Etkind, 1992, E. Zdravomyslova, 1993, A. Temkina, 1993) turned to the study of public associations as a form of civic participation, solving a wide range of research problems, the methodological basis of which were Western sociological concepts.

In foreign sociology, research has evolved in three main areas: the theory of collective behavior (E. Fromm, W. Kornhauser, G. Bloomer, S. Lipset, etc.), relative deprivation (T. Herr, D. Davis, L. Killian, N. Smelser, etc.), resource mobilization (C. Tilly, J. McCartney, M. Zald, M. Asim, K. Wilson, A. Oberschol, K. Janice, etc.).

Among the many existing foreign works in the framework of our publication, the works of contemporary foreign authors are of interest in the study of the forms of interaction between the population and power (Brandsen et al., 2016, Frolova, EV, 2016), the development of civil society (Gudavarthy, 2008, Akman, 2011, Kirby, 2012), the study of resources and restrictions on the activities of public organizations (Taaffe & Fisher, 2008; Boon & Verhoest, 2016; Bergh, 2010). In the conditions of socio-political instability, the issues of protest activity of the population become especially topical (Kubisa, 2016, Dodson, 2015, Ratliff, Hall, 2014, Wahlström, Wennerhag, 2014, Maria, 2008), as well as the role of mass media in covering the protest shares (Oz, 2016), including social networks (Denisova, 2016).

2. Methods

The information base of the research is federal and regional normative and legislative acts, statistical data, information and analytical materials of federal, regional and local authorities. In the course of the research, general theoretical methods were used: analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, generalization, theoretical modeling, and empirical methods: document analysis, sociological surveys, observation.

In addition, the empirical base for the research results of the all-Russia Centre of studying of public opinion (WCIOM, 2016a; WCIOM, 2016b), the Fund "Public opinion" (FOM, 2016). The article uses the results of population surveys conducted by these organizations. The representativeness of the data is ensured by using multi-stage stratified territorial random sampling. The application of the above methods and techniques helped to ensure the validity of the analysis, theoretical and practical conclusions.

3. Results

Proceeding from the above, and not concretizing more levels of this process, it can be seen that self-organization is not spontaneous irrational actions, but is "a rational and sustainable interaction aimed at structuring and ordering the social system" (Bondaletov, V.V., 2015). The newly formed self-organizing structures may have a different degree of opposition in their orientation, in particular we highlight the following: pro-government, opposition, neutral, we will reveal their content in more detail: pro-government - associations that have the support of the authorities and their structures, carry out their activities in cooperation with State structures and authorities; opposition - associations that are in opposition to the current authorities, as a rule, their activities are characterized by a conflict of orientation towards state structures of power; neutral - associations, relatively "neutral" in relation to the authorities, as a rule, they tend to focus on addressing the problems of various groups of the population on the fact of treatment.

The main feature of all this functional diversity is that public associations of the first orientation (pro-government) are oriented, to a greater extent, to the fulfillment of social and economic functions, and they are characterized by social activity in interaction with state structures and with authorities.

Primarily, associations, this orientation, according to sociological research, cooperate with state executive authorities at the local (61.38%) and regional (53.10%) levels. Interaction with the departments of education and health, social development, committees on youth policy including through joint projects and participation in tenders for the placement of state and municipal orders. NGOs also cooperate quite actively with the Office of the Ombudsman for Human Rights and the Office for the Execution of Sentences.

Almost half of the organizations (50.59%) of this area conduct programs aimed at combating the sale of people (trafficking) and violence, overcoming ethnic intolerance. It should be noted that among these organizations, every eighth is implementing programs dedicated to the protection of rights and lobbying of women's interests in the socio-political process. Every fifth (18,82%) in the project activities contributes to the strengthening of the institutions of public influence, including participation in the coordination of public councils at the authorities. Develop mechanisms for cross- sectoral social partnerships for 17.65% of the organizations. Equally the same amount is provided by assistance and support to socially unprotected strata of the population, they operate within the framework of programs aimed at social and psychological rehabilitation of at-risk groups. 16.47% are engaged in support of initiatives of a civil society and support of legislative activity of youth. 15.29% work with young people, within the framework of which they conduct educational programs, competitions for participation in internships, receive grants for training, and organize youth leadership schools. 10.59% provide legal assistance to the population, and also conduct consultations for representatives of NGOs and authorities. The share of organizations implementing health projects is quite large, mainly aimed at countering the spread of HIV / AIDS among young people, and preventing chemical dependence. 8.24% NGOs together with government bodies participate in the development of the institution of local self-government in the regions of the Russian Federation. Almost 6% of organizations in their project activities contribute to the formation of value orientations of youth educate patriotism. The direction of environmental protection is 4.71% (geolik, n. d.).

Representatives of the second direction (opposition organizations) focus their attention, as a rule, on observance of the political and civil rights of the individual, and they are characterized by a conflict orientation towards state structures of power.

 It should be noted that this type of self-organization of Russian citizens is directly related to the level and real problems of society's life, as well as the socio-cultural conditions in which the motives and features of participation in this kind of associations are formed.

According to the sociological measurements of the Institute of Sociology of the ISPI RAS, VTSIOM, FOM and ROMIR, the Levada Center in the period 2013-2014. Citizens of the Russian Federation demonstrated a rather low level of protest activity. The escalation of protest sentiments in Russia's reality is rather determined by the crisis trends, than the real attention of citizens to the political life of the country. So, in 2016, a quarter of Russian citizens among the most significant problems for the country allocate an economic crisis, 12% of respondents sharply note the shortage of wages, unemployment and social problems were noted by 10% of respondents respectively (WCIOM, 2016a; WCIOM, 2016b).

From the perspective of research, it is worth noting that almost half (46%) of young people, according to the results of sociological measurements, find it difficult to indicate now what they like about the activities of the Russian authorities, whose work, the younger generation at the age of 23 to 30, give negative assessments. In particular, 14% of the young people surveyed consider the government's lack of concern for people as a whole, 11% of respondents note small salaries and a low standard of living, 7% singled out the problem of corruption, tariff and price increases, and 6% - problems of the economy, education and health.

At the same time, despite the unsatisfactory assessment of the authorities, only 14% of young people between the ages of 18 and 30 declared their desire to take part in demonstrations or protest actions. Actual participation in such events was noted only 4%, the overwhelming majority (79%) do not feel thisneed (FOM),which may be due to the lack of interest in the political life of the country as a whole. The possibility of potential participation in opposition events (protest rallies, rallies) is considered by a third of Russian society, of which 20% of respondents indicate that protest actions can help solve some acute problems in human settlements, 15% of Russians surveyed indicate impossibility of solving acute problems without Protest actions (WCIOM, 2016a; WCIOM, 2016b).

The third direction, as a rule, is characterized by the orientation toward solving the problems of specific citizens upon the fact of treatment. The organizations of this area are engaged in providing various kinds of services, for example, the legal plan: counseling, assistance in drafting claims, advocacy and protection in courts, etc., in the sphere of education, retraining and employment, in the economic sphere, development of business projects , help in organizing your own business, lending, etc.

4. Discussion

It is easy to see that, despite the different models of interaction of public associations with government bodies, their common and private functions are directly or indirectly aimed at improving social security and the quality of life of the population. Taking into account that associations are independent in their activity from executive authorities and local self-government bodies, they have the right to represent and protect the interests of their members, to act with legislative initiatives and participate in consideration of their proposals by state authorities and local self-government bodies.

Their right of association is realized through various social and political events (meetings, rallies, strikes, demonstrations, processions, pickets, referendums, elections, etc.).

If we accept this point of view, the main task is to identify the factors that contribute to changing joint protest orientations towards targeted transformational activity, as well as ensuring the realization of the internal potential of society, both in the interests of the individual and in the interests of the society itself. Considering that the process of self-organization arises and develops under the influence of internal and external factors, the task of politicians actually consists either in eliminating obstacles that impede the process of self-organization or in creating conditions that would trigger and contribute to the development of this process.

Currently, the federal legislation of the Russian Federation gives its citizens a wide choice of organizational and legal forms of associations and their participation in management.

Thus, for example, the Federal Law "On Political Parties" considers such forms of associations as: political organizations and political movements (Federal Law of 11.07.2001 N 95-FZ).

The Federal Law "On Non-Profit Organizations" provides for Russians a broader system of forms of self-organization: "public and religious organizations (associations), communities of indigenous small peoples of the Russian Federation, cossack societies, funds, state corporation, state company, non-profit partnerships, private institutions, state and municipal institutions, budgetary institution, autonomous non-profit organization, associations (unions)” (Federal Law of 12.01.1996 No. 7-FZ).

Despite the existing diversity, all these forms are a kind of public associations that, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Public Associations" are defined as "voluntary, self-governing non-profit formation created on the initiative of citizens united on the basis of common interests for the realization of common goals» (Federal Law of May 19, 1995 N 82-FZ).

According to the law, the category of "public association" is more capacious, it includes the whole variety of forms of self-organization and can be represented in a unified form in the following organizational and legal forms: "public organization is a membership-based public association created to protect common interests and achieve statutory goals of the united citizens; the social movement consists of participants and pursues social, political and other socially useful goals; a public foundation is a type of non-profit association with a non-fixed membership whose purpose is to form property on the basis of voluntary contributions and other receipts not prohibited by law» (Federal Law of May 19, 1995 N 82-FZ).

Public associations, regardless of the organizational and legal form, have the right to form unions (associations) of public associations on the basis of constituent treaties and / or charters adopted by unions (associations), forming new public associations.

In addition to the common features, associations have their own peculiarities, in particular, differ from each other in the degree of formalization, the goals put forward, the strength of the ties (members and participants)) and the specifics of relations with authorities. Therefore, some forms of self-organization of citizens and ways of their participation in local self-government require more detailed consideration. To this end, the existing variety of forms of association is appropriately divided into associations of the "classical", "professional" and "territorial" type.

Associations of the "classical type" include organizations of the association type, which are associations that focus primarily on interested supporters, that is, those who are vitally interested in the realization of their goals. Such associations, as a rule, have a broad social base. The "professional type" includes associations with a relatively rigid structure and a small social base. An example of such associations are organizationally structured modern socio-political movements (organizations) and trade unions.

 "Territorial type" - associations of citizens on a territorial basis with a view to jointly, solving problems at the place of residence.

To date, among all institutions of democracy the most popular are public associations of the "classical" type. As a rule, associations of this type are created in order to provide mutual assistance, solve specific problems or meet the needs and interests of people, these associations operate in certain areas of society, defend the rights of various interested and problem categories of citizens.

Examples of such organizations are environmental, religious, youth, women's, human rights and other voluntary associations of citizens, united for a specific purpose, around a specific problem or on the basis of common interests (hunting, fishing, sports, tourism, science, creativity, etc.).

Equally important in the democratic development of society are associations of a "professional" type. As a rule, associations of this type are created for the purpose of representation, putting pressure on the authorities or performing socially useful services. This type of association includes various trade unions, organizations of narrow professional affiliations and spheres of activity (state campaigns, corporations, partnerships, etc.), as well as various political or socio-political movements (parties) that cover interests around which the mass social communities and through them to broadcast relevant interests and values ​​to the authorities.

The system of relations of associations of this type with state authorities and local self-government bodies are formed in different ways. For example, trade unions and some non-profit organizations build their relations on the basis of social partnership and interaction, and also on the basis of contracts and agreements (Federal Law No. 10-FZ of 12.01.1996).

Political parties are through the nomination of candidates for deputies and other elected offices in government bodies and local self-government bodies (Federal Law of 11.07.2001 N 95-FZ).

Today in Russia, in the conditions of developing democracy, there is a global tendency to reduce the role of the state in the life of an individual and various social groups. Increasingly, self-organizing and independent associations of a territorial type are gaining strength and increasing their importance. One of the most popular and, in our opinion, most appropriate to the modern challenges of the development of society is territorial public self-government, since the resource of associations of this type at the local level is much higher than in all other forms of self-organization.

Territorial public self-government received its legal definition, enshrined in Article 27 of the Federal Law "On General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" as "the self-organization of citizens at their place of residence on a part of the territory of the settlement for self-implementation of their own initiatives on local issues.” (Federal Law No. 131-FZ of 06.10.2003).

At the same time, in the sociological, political and legal literature there is no single approach to understanding territorial self-government. It is worth noting a significant scientific gap in the study of the specifics of territorial public self-government (CBT) in practically all scientific branches. The fact is that the self-governing nature created by the population and territorial self-organization in solving the problems of the territory has ceased to be limited solely to the bodies of local self-government. Today, territorial forms of social self-organization are created everywhere, without the interference of power structures or with their additional help they solve a number of problems of the population at the place of their immediate residence: "entrance of an apartment building; apartment building; group of apartment houses; residential microdistrict; rural settlement which is not a settlement and other territories of residence of citizens” (Federal Law No. 131-FZ of 06.10.2003).

5. Conclusion

Thus, the conducted analysis confirms that: self-organization is a deliberate process, spontaneity and chaos in which there is no place. This process has a clear normative-legal base and regulatory framework, structure and functions, which allows us to talk about self-organization as a conscious and purposeful process. Strictly speaking, when considering self-organization within a municipal formation, it should be noted that self-organization and organization are related processes, therefore the forms of self-organization are not only of a self-organizing nature, but also an organization operating in an orderly manner based on established (including legally) rules and regulations , which has common goals, objectives and resources.

Proceeding from this, it is very difficult not to agree with VA Vagurin, in his work "Synergetics of the evolution of modern society," he notes: "self-organization is realized through organization, through the dynamic synthesis of self-organizing and organizational principles" (V.A. Vagurin, 2007).

Moreover, if we talk about the degree of harmony and the role of self-organizing and organizational principles in the main spheres of life of modern society, then it is different. At present, the activity of state agents over the self-organization of the population prevails in the political and social spheres; In the economic sphere - the self-organization of the free market over the organizational, economic role of state regulation; In culture, self-organizing principles play a decisive role.

As can be seen from the above, organization and self-organization cannot exist without each other. The balance between self-organizational and organizational principles is achieved under certain conditions and is supported by specific institutional mechanisms in this case it is a legal mechanism.

Such an interlacing of organizational and self-organization began to actualize a different perspective on the management of self-organizing structures and processes in the Russian society.

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1. Russian State Social University, 129226, Wilhelm Pieck str.,4, bld.1, Moscow, Russian Federation

2. Russian State Social University, 129226, Wilhelm Pieck str.,4, bld.1, Moscow, Russian Federation

3. Russian State Social University, 129226, Wilhelm Pieck str.,4, bld.1, Moscow, Russian Federation. E-mail: nmedvedeva1984@mail.ru

4. Russian State Social University, 129226, Wilhelm Pieck str.,4, bld.1, Moscow, Russian Federation

5. Russian State Social University, 129226, Wilhelm Pieck str.,4, bld.1, Moscow, Russian Federation